Soma-Ayahuasca and Future Clinical DMT

Neurological and Psychological Effects from Harmine and Beta-Carbolines in Peganum Harmala: Neurogenesis, Entheogen, Alzheimer’s, Cancer and Antidepressant

Copyright: © 2025 (Revised November 14 Nov 2025) Brian Aberle. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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[Abstract]

Peganum Harmala, hereafter referred to as Syrian Rue, contains beta carbolines affecting central nervous system targets and is implicated in multiple potential medicinal applications as confirmed in many studies of human, animal and laboratory experiments.  Some studies of metabolic action and CNS are in vitro so must be considered only suggestive preclinical evidence.  The first human studies to determine dose and safety were published in 2025.( NCT05162686 and NCT05526430)     This study investigates the metabolic science, neuropharmacological, and psychological effects when Syrian Rue is used independently and when it is used in conjunction with neurotransmitters contained in other entheogenic plants creating the Ayahuasca effect.  Observations from use in practice in human studies are discussed.  Also, the crucial role of beta carbolines in the cellular proliferation cycle for both healthy and cancerous cells is identified acting as protein kinase inhibitors which block signaling pathways that drive cell cycle progression.

[Ancient Medicine meets Modern Times]

Research on Syrian Rue is extensive compared with many medicinal plants which have also become the focus of pharmaceutical research during the past 50 years.  Over the centuries there have been so many folk medicine claims made of Syrian Rue that it has been investigated or studied as potential medicine for many purposes producing a wealth of research material on the subject.   Here is laid out all the known traits of this plant in medicine followed by different medicinal fields of study which intersect at the beta carboline.

Antibacterial, antiprotozoal(kills free living and parasitic protozoal organisms),  antimutagenic/ antigenotoxic/genoprotective[74], preventative of DNA damage[2], antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antipiroplasmic(kills piroplasmic parasite), anthelmintic(kills tapeworms), antiseptic, antipyretic(reduces fever), antitumor[71],  anticancer and antidiabetic for Type 2 diabetes[10]. Multiple studies have confirmed these qualities.[4], [24], [58]   One study found harmine to be more effective than stem cell treatments for pancreatic beta cell production.[77] 

Syrian Rue has been proven by modern science to be medicinally helpful for:

leukemia[26], lower urinary tract symptoms[29], dermatoses[30], bronchitis and asthma[31],  influenza[32] and leishmaniasis which is a wide array of clinical manifestations caused by parasites of the Trypanosomatida genus. It is also a vasodilator/vasorelaxant[38], aphrodisiac[11], [12] and cognition enhancing[5], [8] and it induces osteogenesis(bone regrowth) and prevents bone loss by suppressing osteoclastogenesis [40], [46], [25] and promotes neurogenesis(the birth of a neuron in brain growth or repair) [56], [57], [6], [7] and is restoring astrocytic functions[59], [61] and is also an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases(CDK), protein kinase DYRK1A[53], [48] and others which are key regulators of the cell proliferation cycle.[27], [28].  CDK inhibitors are also past and future in cancer treatment.[47]  It also inhibits enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A4[90], [91] which are both part of the cytochrome family responsible for metabolizing toxins and  25 to 50% of all medications.

[Cancer]

As confirmed in recent research, the primary alkaloids in Syrian Rue show anticancer activity.  Numerous types of cancerous cell growth are inhibited by Syrian Rue, including breast cancer[69], pancreatic cancer[68], ovarian cancer[70], gastric cancer[72] and others.  In fact, most beta-carbolines exhibit anticancer effect can augment cancer treatment solutions being used.  Beta-carbolines, particularly harmine and harmol, exhibit promising anticancer properties by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation in various cancer cell lines through activation of the p53 pathway.[92]

β-carbolines induce neuroendocrine response, restore central nervous system cellular function[8], and protect against oxidative damage of brain mitochondria and synaptosomes[34] suggesting protection against neurodegeneration. 

[Alzheimer’s]

Syrian Rue contains compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase, thereby reducing acetylcholine metabolism.  Alzheimer’s patients are given AChEi’s(acetylcholinesterase inhibitors), to raise acetylcholine levels with more potent effect than Syrian Rue.[15], [16] Acetylcholine is the substance of focus in memory supplements.[17]  Syrian Rue contains AChEi’s which increases the levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine by reducing the metabolism rate of acetylcholine. Syrian Rue is a proven AChEi.[18]  Acetylcholine is responsible for its role in memory recall and for its cognitive enhancing effects. It also is used the dream state of the mind.  Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) is closely related to Butyryl Cholinesterase(BChE).  Syrian Rue is also a proven BChE inhibitor as well.[49]  Additionally, recent knowledge collectively recognizes that MAO inhibitors have proven as effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.[50]  Furthermore, β-carbolines such as harmine, harmol, norharmane, harmaline have a high affinity for DYRK1A and modulate multiple sites on the Tau protein[51], [52].  Syrian Rue Inhibits DYRK1A mediated Tau phosphorylation preventing neurofibrillary tangles which are the identifying marker of Alzheimers disease.  Preclinical data suggests it is preventative to neurodegeneration and promotes neural health. 

Patients with Alzheimers should take extra care for drug interactions.  Controlled clinical trials need to be conducted.

[Full Spectrum Alkaloids]

The alkaloids of Syrina Rue seed are approximately 4% of the weight of the seed found in the brown skin of the seed, whereas the alkaloids of caapi vine are only a fraction of a percent of the total weight of the vine found throughout the woody vine.

Following are the most well-known, first discovered, and most largely present constituents of Syrian Rue:

The Beta-carboline alkaloids: harmine ( initially  known as – telepathine, yageine, banisterine), isoharmine, acetylnorharmine, norharmine, harmaline(aka dihydroharmine, DHH, harmidine), harmalol, harman[39], harmalacidine(HMC)[37], harmalidine and tetrahydroharmine(THH, leptaflorine)[36], isopeganine[35], pegamine, dipeginol, dipegene[33]

The Quinazoline alkaloids: desoxypeganine, deoxyvasicine (deoxypeganine), vasicine (peganine), vasicinone[41], [42], peganidine, isopeganidine, dipegine

[Classifying the alkaloids]

Of the 160 known alkaloids found throughout the plant, beta-carbolines and their derivatives including the tetra-hydro-beta-carbolines (THBC) total approximately 60 of them.   A sizable portion of the 100 remaining are pyrrolo-quinazoline alkaloids.  In addition to their parent pyrroloquinazolines and quinazolines, exists a series of quinazoline glycosides also referred to as the glycoalkaloids.

The complete list of all 160 known alkaloids in Syrian Rue was published in 2023 [43], collectively presenting numerous recent discoveries about the known alkaloid contents.   The molecular composition of Syrian Rue is being studied by the most cutting-edge techniques.  Beyond chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the newly discovered alkaloids structures, including stereochemistry, were elucidated through spectroscopic analyses, quantum chemistry calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction in 2017 growing the list of known alkaloids found in Syrian Rue in the past recent years.[9]

[Ayahuasca]

Syrian Rue is often called “an amplifier” of entheogens.  It has a synergistic effect with certain 5HT neurotransmitters caused by enzyme inhibition delaying the metabolic process.  Banisteriopsis caapi has the same primary alkaloids which are most abundant and therefore has mostly the same effect.  Both plants can be used to make Ayahuasca.  Syrian Rue grows in arid desert conditions.  Banisteriopsis caapi grows in the jungle as a vine.  They contain the same primary alkaloids and are therefore both used for the purpose of creating Ayahuasca. 

[Soma-Ayahuasca]

Syrian Rue is most common in India, Algeria, Turkey, Iran, and Morocco where it is referred to as Harmel.    There has been much debate about what the Soma Plant or Soma brew is that is mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts and there evidence is suggestive that the plant could be Syrian Rue.[1]  Zoroaster called it Haoma in the Avista Veda where it’s  considered the plant of life and specified to him by a god and it was called Soma by Brahma-manu in the Rig Veda.  Syrian Rue was found in Neolithic sites of the Caucasus from 5000 B.C. and in a pre-Dynastic Egyptian site dating back to 3700–3500 BC.[3]  Through metabolic profiling of organic residues recovered from archeological artifacts it has been proven that Syrian Rue was used for fumigation in Iron Age Arabia.[73]

Ayahuasca traditionally contains Banisteriopsis Caapi and Chacruna(Psychotria viridus).  It is probable that “soma” was a term like “ayahuasca” where Syrian Rue is used in place of Caapi in those dry regions. In Sanskrit, “soma” refers to a ritual drink.  In Greek, the word “Soma” means “Whole Body” and this plant does have a whole-body effect.

[Syrian Rue in Islam]

Syrian Rue is known as Espand/Esfand in the Muslim community and is more culturally significant.  It is mentioned in hadith literature to be consumed in a drink and in another place that burning the seeds is pleasing to the Jinn or angels and protects a person from “The Evil Eye” and that “God has appointed Angels over the plant”,  and in the Sahi’i medical collections of the 15^th century it is written:

“Whoever for 40 days, eats 1 mesghal (4.64 grams) harmala mixed in water in every morning, the light of wisdom will turn on in his\her heart and he\she will be immune from 72 diseases that the least of them is leprosy.” [20]

[Metabolism Basics]

Plants contain alkaloids. Some alkaloids are neurotransmitters – only if they bind to neural receptor sites. Some other alkaloids which are not neurotransmitters are enzyme inhibitors – only if they bind to enzymes in the human body.  The primary alkaloids in Syrian Rue are beta-carbolines that bind to enzymes in the body.  Those enzymes were synthesized within the human body according to codes in DNA.  While those enzymes are bound, neurotransmitters provided from other plant sources are more effective. 

While the body’s MAO and AChE enzymes are temporarily bound to an alkaloid from Syrian Rue they are inhibited from metabolizing neurotransmitters.  MAO otherwise metabolizes serotonin, DMT, and other neurotransmitters by oxidatively deaminating them(removing the nitrogen amine group in the neurotransmitter molecule) and beginning elimination from the body.  AChE enzymes otherwise destroy acetylcholine.  Neurotransmitters transmit and receive longer because they remain attached to their neural receptor sites longer while the enzyme responsible for metabolizing them is inhibited from action being temporarily bound to alkaloids in Syrian Rue.

[Happiness]

Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter implicated in mood regulation and happiness.  Increasing serotonin levels is the object of pharmaceutical antidepressants.  Natural solutions for raising serotonin levels have also been established.[44] Syrian rue helps you retain happiness and remember by delaying the elimination of the required neurotransmitters.  Syrian rue, used solely for the purpose of an antidepressant has been the study focus of many research teams, and found to be effective. [38], [45]

[Antidepressants]

The global antidepressants market size is approximately $20 billion USD in 2025. Recent data reveals a dramatic social increase in long-term prescriptions of antidepressants [64], [65].

MAOIs are medicine that inhibit MAO enzymes. Irreversible MAOIs are synthetic and not plant alkaloids.  They are unnatural and far stronger than the reversible and natural MAOI. They covalently bond to MAO which permanently destroy it.  Although once popular in medicine, today synthetic MAOIs are only used as a last resort for prescription antidepressants.  During the 1950’s, when synthetic MAOI antidepressants were first discovered, clinicians noted that they caused “inappropriate laughter”. Over the years there were many deaths and near deaths as the full purpose and understanding of the MAO enzyme was only being first discovered. Variations of reuptake inhibitors became preferred antidepressant prescriptions for safety reasons and the MAOI earned a reputation as dangerous.

Now in 2025 the vastness of dietary and medicinal interactions documented in medical journals is mostly in reference to synthetic irreversible MAOIs and either does not apply to Syrian Rue or it does apply to a far less degree.  Syrian rue is a reversible MAOI which means that the beta carboline alkaloids have temporarily bonded, not covalently bonded to the MAO enzyme. Reversible natural MAOIs are much safer than synthetic irreversible MAOIs but rarely are the two types of MAOI differentiated by modern medical literature with warnings.  Interaction risks with high-tyramine foods or with serotonergic drugs is possible but relatively uncommon in naturalistic and clinical settings.[85]   Neurogenesis is now a recognized approach to antidepressant medication[62],  [63] as more ideal solution than the currently popular reuptake inhibitors.

[Widescale misinformation]

At popular information sources such as WebMD, Drugs.com, and RxList in 2025 is published “Syrian causes hallucinations” which is very misleading. At 2 to 5g, with no other co-ingested entheogenic plants, Syrian Rue will not cause any visions or hallucinations. 2g is minimally sufficient to activate the Chacruna plant in Ayahuasca, any more than 4-5g  of seeds by itself will cause nausea, not visions or hallucinations.  Those information sources are incorrect, and the false information leads many away for fear of hallucinating.  Policies are determined quoting those information sources.

[Metabolizing toxins]

The MAO enzyme at first sight seems to be a nuisance by destroying precious neurotransmitters however that is not all that MAO does.  It also metabolizes certain toxins that must be eliminated from the body.  The toxin tyramine is metabolized by the MAO-A enzyme.  Doctors prescribe tyramine free diets for people with common headaches. Tyramine is in many foods which is most of the underlying cause for the dietary rules which accompany ayahuasca or Syrian rue.

[Syrian Rue makes diet matter]

Syrian Rue by itself is rarely credited for any great personal breakthroughs.  In one exception, daily use of only Syrian rue after some months of reprise from other unhealthy habits had one person claiming something of a personal transformation giving credit to Syrian Rue alone.  Foods with yeast extract preservatives or MSG cause nausea or digest poorly when mixed with Syrian Rue, so does beer and wine.  Diet and exercise are key to health and happiness – the ancient axiom remains.  Rue encourages healthy diet. It helps you retain your serotonin or happiness which is the ultimate molecule that we all pursue in one way or another.

[Dietary Guidelines]

Certain foods are not good when mixed. For example, beer and milk. You can drink both beer and milk – but not at the same time. Don’t suppose that you must give up beer because you drink milk every morning for breakfast.  In a nutshell, this is the Ayahuasca or Syrian Rue diet:

Avoid aged cheeses such as Parmesan, Chedder, Blue Cheese, Swiss, Gouda, Feta, Brie, Gruyere, and Emmental. Cheeses such as American cheese, Cottage Cheese, and fresh Ricotta are not aged and need not be avoided. Avoid aged, smoked or preserved meat such as Beef Jerky, Pepperoni, Mortadella, Salami, Shrimp paste, Pickled herrings, or salted Cod. Do not eat raw yeast, nutritional yeast, or any preservatives such as MSG which is a Yeast Extract. Do not eat fermented tofu or soy. Fermented soy is found in some vitamin supplements in large amounts.

The substance to avoid is tyramine. Very small amounts of tyramine will not make you nauseous or give you a headache/migrane headache, but large amounts will. Tyramine is poisonous to everyone, but the levels of tolerance to tyramine vary from person to person and from time to time. Syrian Rue lowers tolerance for tyramine causing greater sensitivity to it.  Tyramine is more commonly found in old, mishandled, or damaged food because many food sources contain the beneficial amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine is created by bacteria that decarboxylate the tyrosine into tyramine. It allegedly can be created by bacteria in your own bowel after eating foods rich in tyrosine, it can be created by bacteria before it enters your body.

You don’t need to abstain from a dash of cinnamon or from ALL tree nuts to eliminate ALL tyramine from your diet when your body can metabolize a little.  Brazil Nuts and hazel nuts are far worse than almonds or cashews which I frequently combine with Syrian Rue to no ill effect. Avoid large quantities of spinach, cabbage, tomatoes, Italian flat romano beans(other beans are OK), pineapple, dates, snow peas, avocados, raw onion, eggplants, figs, beets, olives, broccoli, red plums, kim chee, prunes, raspberries, peanuts and peanut butter, Brazil nuts, walnuts, coconut and coconut water, ginseng, licorice, cinnamon, anise, curry powder, most bullion broth cubes and powders, meat tenderizers, dry packaged and canned soups, gravy, sauces, stew mixes, instant soup dry powder bases, Soy and Teriyaki Sauce, hot paprika, nutmeg, brewer’s yeast, fermented soy, beer and wine should be avoided.

Food that digests well with Syrian Rue: Fresh chicken, eggs, fresh fish, fresh beef, white bread, wheat bread, rye bread, English muffins, crackers, bagels, hot and cold cereal, cream of wheat, rice, cooked dried beans, peas, and lentils, all pasta, apple, banana, mangoes, blueberries, melons, melon blossoms, egg noodles, rice, corn, asparagus, carrots, pumpkin, squash, zucchini, cooked onion, bread fruit, american cheese, ricotta, cottage cheese, cream cheese, eggs, canned salmon or tuna fish, tuna salad, milk: whole, 2% or skim, salt, chives, sugar, maple syrup, honey, and salad dressing made from olive oil and lemon juice. Baby kale can be cooked or in a salad with hibiscus flowers. Potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, yucca, and breadfruit are all good. Pistachios, cashews, and almonds are ok in small quantity although they have trace amounts of tyramine.  Bananas are good with attention to remove all banana peel strings because they contain tyramine.

[Complex Ayahuasca Brews]

Many practitioners and shaman debate if Peyote belongs in the brew, with mushrooms, chaliponga and chacruna at the same time however they are all equals from a certain metabolic perspective.  A total alkaloid content of 80mg DMT with an MAOI can be a powerful experience.  In practice, 40mg DMT with 1.5g of mushrooms with the MAOI was well received as a first round dose with an optional second serving sometime after feeling the effects.  Mixing all natural MAOIs in proper proportions is also good practice.  Use either Caapi or Syrian Rue but not both unless they are both portioned to ½ because Caapi and Rue share the same primary alkaloids which cause nausea in excess.  Proportions of each element in the brew will prove to be key.  The science can steer us towards logical and illogical combinations.  Kambo frog medicine for example is illogical to mix with Rue or caapi and can potentially be dangerous.  It is best to be served Kambo before or the day after ayahuasca – not together.

Syrian Rue has a good interaction with noribogaine which is the metabolite of ibogaine from iboga root bark.  Noribogaine stays bound to neural receptors for days or weeks after using iboga.  While the metabolite noribogaine remains active, the effects of Syrian Rue are amplified so that 1 or 2g of Syrian Rue alone has a comfortable effect.  DO NOT mix Syrian rue directly with iboga or ibogaine, before the noribogaine metabolite is in action the combination is dangerous.  Using Syrian Rue or an ayahuasca mixture a few days following the use of iboga is very good.  In this case, timing is key.  Iboga never belongs in an Ayahuasca brew.  Another consideration about iboga, although some noribogaine makes Syrian Rue better, too much could be a problem. Frequent iboga use causes a buildup of noribogaine which is known to have caused check-ins at mental hospitals, unlike frequent use of Syrian Rue or Ayahuasca.

Although 5MeO-DMT is present in trace amounts <1% in chaliponga and yopo which mix well, those provide very small amounts of 5MeO-DMT.  Most experience reports mixing 5MeO-DMT with an MAOI are difficult and strongly advise against it.  It should not be added to Ayahuasca although it exists as a natural analog to DMT.

Datura or Angel Trumpet is a deliriant that causes confusion, amnesia, and hallucinations as opposed visions.  For example, a hallucination of a chair that does not exist causes a person to fall and get hurt.  I know firsthand nightmare testimonies about the use of Datura which has left a few victims in a permanent state of psychosis although most recover within days or weeks.  Datura should never be added to Ayahuasca.

[Combining neurotransmitters]

Syrian rue is exceptional amid entheogenic plants because it interacts with many other plants causing them to produce a greater effect than using either plant individually.  Since the MAO enzyme became bound to alkaloids in the rue, the neurotransmitters remain in effect longer from most other entheogenic plants. Users commonly report profound subjective experiences, epiphanies, self-realizations, and personal transformations from the use of DMT, mushrooms, or peyote individually.  Even more so when those plants/neurotransmitters are used in conjunction with Syrian Rue to enhance therapeutic potential.[84] 

[Mushrooms]

Psilocin is a natural analog of DMT. It  has a Hydrogen and Oxygen in the 4 position of the DMT base molecular structure.  Psilocin (4‑HO‑DMT) is partially metabolized by MAO. The combination of mushrooms and Syrian Rue is commonly called psilohausca.  Mushrooms are being used to treat depression and anxiety with abundant accumulating evidence of therapeutic success. [66],  [67] , [79], [80].  Syrian rue not only prolongs the mushrooms effect, acting as an MAOI antidepressant preserving serotonin  with a high dose of psilocin can cause increased and even uncontrollable laughter all the way to an unimaginable degree, Holy Laughter for need of a term.  High dose psilocin has proven to be long term helpful with deep personal growth.[81]  Syrian Rue should be strongly considered in clinical settings when appropriate.  With any sized dose, the psilocin experience is not only longer its better with Syrian Rue so long as the diet has been compatible and there are no adverse medication reactions.  Syrian Rue compliments many prescription medicines and can be approached safely before fully engaging with it.  Clinical trial data for MAOI and psilocin combinations is limited.  User experience reports provide evidence of safety and therapeutic effectiveness.

[Yopo]

Consider the alkaloids which are neurotransmitters in Yopo snuff.  The primary alkaloid in Anadenanthera Peregrina is bufotenine another natural analog of DMT with the hydrogen and oxygen in the 5 position.  Bufotenin is (5-HO-DMT).  Yopo snuff also contains trace amounts (DMT) and (5-MeO-DMT) [54].  These neurotransmitter alkaloids are all metabolized by MAO.  The Piaroa natives of southern Venezuela use both Anadenanthera Peregrina seeds and Banisteriopsis Caapi in their snuff preparations and chewed the Caapi vine beforehand.[55] They use the white ash from trees to activate their snuff at a ratio of 1:1. 

Syrian Rue adds a calm and grounding effect that enhances and stabilizes as well as lengthens the effect of these neurotransmitters.  Syrian rue makes for a longer and smoother experience able to retain waves of serotonin as happy thoughts on the journey that can be otherwise forgotten and lost along the way.  The effect of Yopo when combined with an MAOI is better.

A shaman who learned from his grandfather in Puerto Rico prepared Yopo for me from a local tree using the white ash remains of a burnt conch seashell used to activate the snuff and served it after service of Ayahuasca. The traditional combination of Yopo within an ayahuasca ceremony causes the snuff to become more effective because the MAOI is in action. The combo is ancient practice using Caapi in some regions.  Alternatively, calcium hydroxide can be used to activate it with 2 or 3 parts seed to 1 part calcium hydroxide rigorously mixed.

Syrian rue is a little simpler to work with than Caapi because you can eat 2-3g of seeds compared to boiling down 50g of vine.  Caapi extracts can be smoked by drying the concentrate onto smoking material however smoking Syrian rue is easier.  Smoke is immediately effective in 2 large breaths of Syrian rue seed skins. It is calming and relaxing. For the absolute best effect, eat the Syrian rue then wait 40 minutes then smoke the Syrian rue before applying the neurotransmitters.

[Peyote and San Pedro and Peruvian Torch]

Alexander Shulgin documented that the MAO enzyme inhibition using Syrian Rue lowers the threshold dose of mescaline to be half that of normal.[75]  The MAO inhibition operates on phenethylamines equally as with the tryptamines like DMT and serotonin.  All being neurotransmitters that Syrian Rue preserves in the body and protects from an otherwise more rapid metabolism and elimination from the body.

[Smoking DMT]

Clinical potential of DMT and Vapor DMT has been established.[88], [89]  Ideally the DMT is vaporized as opposed to smoking it because burnt DMT has a smell that is very strange and somewhat unappealing.  The vapor is odorless.  You can put DMT between layers of marijuana or smoking material in a pipe, it will work, it will also smell unusual.  You will want to dedicate that pipe for smoking DMT due to the lasting smell of the pipe.

For the best effect, eat the rue then wait 40 minutes, then smoke the rue followed by the DMT. The effect is more like Ayahuasca.  Ayahuasca is effective for treatment resistant depression.[83]  Vapor DMT served from a coil vape pen designed for wax is stronger than from an oil vape pen.  Both have no odor.  DMT has a melting point of approximately 112 ⁰F(44.4⁰C).  It is normally a solid and must be diluted to work in an oil vape pen.  Each type of vapor device has a place and time.  With a strong dose from a wax vape pen, require that no spectators break silence to the person having the experience and encourage the experiencer also to refrain from speaking although that is rarely necessary – this is an example of a concept called “holding space” and providing a proper setting.  Conversation about the mundane is out of place and distracts from a more important awareness that could become the focus.  Mixing DMT with alcohol can cause problems. One person went in front if a beautiful goddess who said, “I’m not talking to you when you’ve been drinking”, then left him in a dark place.

Syrian rue makes the experience “better” and “more navigable” according to many with “an afterglow”.  My analogy is that using Syrian rue in that way is “putting on a parachute before getting into the cannon”.  The effect of Syrian Rue can be described many ways.  The term “amplifier” is misleading.  Many people are not wanting to “amplify” their DMT experience and the term causes some to shy away from combining Syrian Rue when it would have given them more navigation ability and a better experience assimilation, integration, and recall.

[Combining MAOIs]

Syrian Rue mixes with other MAOIs like passionflower. Also, turmeric which only becomes effective with crushed black pepper to improve the absorbance of the curcumin in the turmeric.  The combination of turmeric and pepper is known as Golden Milk and originates in Ayurveda. These MAOIs have a different bonding affinity to the MAO enzyme and mix well.  They have a noticeable effect when combined to mushrooms and can operate independently or enhance the stronger Syrian Rue. Only the addition of Caapi requires reducing the amount of Syrian Rue – because it contains the same alkaloids. 

4-5 grams of Syrian Rue is approximately equal to 50g of caapi vine, use one or the other or half of each.  A full dose of both is too much and guarantees nausea.  This is the strongest natural MAOI. 

Golden Milk based on 1 almost heaping tablespoon of turmeric + ½ teaspoon crushed black pepper as one dose, 2 to 3 doses is safe.  It is a thick mixture and difficult to ingest a more than 1 dose.

Tea from Passion Flower vine at about 2 feet per serving is weak compared to Syrian Rue however its strong enough that by itself as the only MAOI it will make a noticeable enhancement to mushrooms.  By itself it’s not strong enough to activate DMT, however it will enhance Ayahuasca.  2 to 3 doses is safe, 1 is enough. 

Tobacco also contains beta-carbolines which act as an MAOI.  Multiple studies have confirmed that only smoke inhalation provides measurable MAOI effect so although snuff is popular with Ayahuasca and does provide a mental clearing, the smoke creates the better MAOI effect.  Nicotiana Rustica provides the strongest MAOI however too much Nicotiana Rustica smoke quickly causes nausea and dizziness, so it has a high potential to cause problems when used as an MAOI with Ayahuasca.  Standard pipe tobacco is the next most effective as an MAOI.  Processed commercial cigarettes do provide some MAOI activity but effectiveness varies widely.  It is toxic as secondhand smoke so should be avoided in groups that do not all smoke them.  Pipe tobacco, and tobacco in general is a plant that can have place in Ayahuasca.

[Important]

Drink extra water when consuming Ayahuasca. If your body needs to vomit, make it easy to get it clean of the problem in one episode.   You should be on a diet without yeast from anything fermented, or yeast extracts found in processed foods as preservatives.  Eat tyramine free food.  Tyramine is created when the beneficial amino acid tyrosine begins to decay, bruised or overripe or improperly preserved fruit will not digest. Fresh is best.  Many aged meats and cheese are a problematic combination with Syrian Rue. Most broth bouillon cubes and meat flavorings cause nausea or vomiting, however fresh chicken and beef are safe to eat.   Syrian rue has a serious (can be deadly) reaction with the antidepressant Prozac.[82]  Syrian Rue is considered unsafe during pregnancy because very large doses of Syrian rue become toxic and will abort a human fetus, however in the 1 case I witnessed of Ayahuasca use during pregnancy using a normal dose of Syrian Rue produced a normal healthy baby.  While the level of neurotransmitters can continue to increase, the levels of Syrian Rue have limits.  For example, you can triple the amount mushrooms without tripling the amount of Syrian Rue.

[Microdose]

Before using Syrian Rue all medications that you are using must be researched.  If you discover a known negative interaction between your medicine and an MAOI use extreme caution with Syrian Rue or quit taking your prescription medicine. Microdosing may reveal individual sensitivity.  One or two breaths of smoke will safely reveal if eating Syrian Rue will be a bad idea.  Smoke rarely can cause nausea and only for a brief time. Eating it would be far worse in that case.  Syrian Rue is a Reversible MAOI, so it has fewer and less extreme reactions with medicine or food containing tyramine than a synthetic irreversible MAOI.  My worst ever experience was from a multivitamin that contained fermented soy as an ingredient in an otherwise perfect ‘Ayahuasca Compatible Diet’.  It caused several hours of extreme nausea and vomiting.  Some aged and smoked meats will be nauseating depending on the food processing methods. Fresh is always the safest bet.

[Smoke]

Smoking Syrian Rue has a mild and comfortable effect that differs from the effect of eating it.  All the alkaloids of interest exist on the brown skin on the seed. They melt and vaporize in heat. The seeds are prone to absorbing moisture as humidity, they should be fully dry with very low oven heat, if necessary, before smoking.  A cigar torch lighter works best.  Seed can be smoked in a pipe.  Load a very small bowl.  After one large breath, the charred and half burnt seeds should then be discarded rather than burning them further and reducing them to white ash.  The quality of the smoke is enhanced by discarding partly burned seed and not smoking the pit which contains no medicine.

[Service Procedures]

Syrian Rue has been included in many ceremonies throughout history involving various other special plants considered to be sacraments by people who hold them with exceptional regard.  Some people will use Syrian Rue without any other plants then go about their day as normal seeking the subtle effects or as medicine to their ailment however when Syrian Rue is combined with neurotransmitters preparation should be done.

An entheogenic experience combining Syrian Rue with plant-based neurotransmitters of various sources can be had alone or with a small group of people that have agreed to be together.  Ideally a quiet place in nature or to music in an environment clean, orderly, and prepared.

[Sound and Smell]

With some plant medicine mixes sounds become more connected to waves of thoughts, visions, and patterns as if the very sound waves can be seen revealing a beautiful voice or an ugly tone.  One person enjoyed quietly humming to himself in an adjoining space. The sound and vibrations made from within differs from hearing sounds produced by others or external sources.  There is evidence of music playing a helpful role in psychedelic therapy[78].

Aromatherapy can affect autonomic function and mood.  Essential oils and incense can be helpful.   Mere inhalation of essential oils has resulted in enhanced emotional wellness, calmness, relaxation or rejuvenation of the human body.[76]  Incense and entheogens were ritual ancient traditions.[19]

Incense can be merely enjoyed or can help as sounds and smells can make deep subconscious connections to thought or emotions.  Multiple essential oils have been proven to affect the central nervous system, affecting blood pressure and neurotransmitter levels.[13], [14] The depths and magnitudes of the experience depend on the selection of plant sourced neurotransmitters which can be mixed with Syrian Rue and MAOIs, not the incense. Incense does matter for a mysterious reason.  For a special journey make special preparation.

[Exploring The Self]

Deep and personal transformations are reported by many people from the effects of Syrian Rue combined with other entheogenic plants.  New awareness can be momentary or lasting. A new perspective of the self can sometimes be realized and the forces within that control self can be confronted. Your own patterns of habit in actions, speech, reactions, or thought can sometimes be observed from new perspective as well as recognizing your connection to living trees and plants and living things. DMT exists in all living things and somehow raises the awareness of life.  DMT is a special molecule in that it is a molecule in all living things.  Trace amounts of DMT are found in most plants and all animals.  A recalibration of self by remembrance of relation to life is common.

[Group experience]

Set, setting and group dynamics influence psychedelic outcomes.  The overlapping of energy of a group exists.  Every medicine mix and group are different so what is a good idea in one case is not in another.  If the music is troubling one person, then for that person have the group experience the journey in silence. There are times that conversation between others is fine however there must be a quiet place of escape for meditation.

When serving Ayahuasca brews, it is best to give everyone a space they can retreat to, commonly it is a yoga mat positioned in a circle relative to the others.  Some facilitators require everyone to remain or mostly remain in their space.  Other facilitators allow more interaction, especially on the longer journeys and with smaller circles however everyone should still be able to retreat to solitude and remain present either near to or adjoining the group.

Ayahuasca can be served as a single dose, or multiple doses of teas or edibles. The duration can be as short as 1.5 or 2hrs from a single dose or 12+ hours from a single dose.  A series of smaller doses is best for people less familiar with the medicine.  One large dose can be more therapeutic. The body never builds tolerance to DMT so it will be equally as effective in 3 hours however psilocin does so a multi-dose service procedure with psilocin has diminishing effect.  After the journey has passed the peak of the experience and everyone is feeling stable amid the fractal symmetry and kaleidoscope geometry very much still in effect, the facilitator might consider allowing each participant to hold their own DMT vape pen.  That practice has been very well received in the situations I was able to witness it.  It is likened to serving Yopo on the tail end of Ayahuasca to utilize the benefit of the MAOI still in action. The effect blends smoothly.

The wisdom in opening a journey circle with stated intentions or prayer is because that separates the journey time as a special time through deeper consciousness as a time apart from the ordinary. This is because 3 people can eat the same thing and only 1 finds a lasting growth from it.  Expectations effect outcomes.  Go around the circle prior to the ceremony with stated personal intentions then go around again afterwards to share any profound experiences with the group.  Sharing at the end is often beyond words or must be processed more before spoken about so nobody is required to speak afterwards. The experience sharing at closing is insightful to everyone to see how much the same or how much different it was for others. In sharing at the end, we all learn.

[Exploring consciousness]

I have seen only a few journeys that become extremely difficult amid countless that experience beautiful hallelujah-sensations(hallucinations) after consuming psyche-delicacies. There is a frequent commonality in reporting a sense of connectivity to trees and plants and in conversing between themselves and other life without audible spoken words.  A nature setting is ideal.  Everyone sees sacred geometry, a beautiful fractal patterning which changes from medicine to medicine and with dose. 

Do not allow a person to be pushed into experiencing these medicines if they are afraid.  In one difficult case spouse pressured their partner and in another it was friends in the group who finally convinced someone who had been reluctant for some time. Do not push people beyond an open invitation.  Expectations effect outcomes. When fear is a prevailing thought it manifests an experience that can disrupt not only the individual but the group. 

[Difficult Experiences]

The bulk of my own personal experience as a facilitator is with service of vapor DMT that began in 2015 and lasted for a few years.  In my own facilitations less than 1 per 100 were difficult experiences.  Although a nature setting is ideal, one person from Australia met me in Oakland California at a Psychedelic Science convention and our only chance together was in the moment in a corner near a busy hallway full of people.  I recommended eyes closed and 3 deep breaths of air slowly exhaled first. She had a beautiful experience that had been sought after for many years.  Set and setting is mostly mindset when serving vapor DMT.   Mindset can be perceived and influenced by the facilitator.  Sometimes a simple reminder that everything is OK delivers the reassurance to relax into the experience although communication between the facilitator and the person experiencing vapor DMT is not normally helpful until after the experience.  The most difficult experience I ever witnessed was in the comfort of a quiet home.  It was a quiet eyes closed event.  When his eyes opened, he ordered everyone to leave – and we did.  Some months later he spoke about the difficult experience he had.  Colorado will be the first state to serve clinical DMT planned for 2026. 

I have far less experience serving orally consumed DMT/Psilocin/MAOI mixtures to groups.  Those last much longer were all conducted in private home settings.  Moments of mild difficulty that can be personally managed in quiet calmness can be a small portion of a long, good experience.  One person broke free from a recurring dream of many years with much difficulty and another relived an unnecessary killing during time of war in exquisite detail meeting family of the deceased to hear the hopes and dreams that were extinguished in the killing.  A traumatic psychedelic memory will never be forgotten but they have purpose in our personal growth or to ease passing into the afterlife. 

Depths of consciousness unimaginable can be realized and eternity can exist in a moment.  One man on a far less difficult journey heard the voices of family he was estranged from and counseling about how to interpret the voices relaxed him.  Another facilitator had offered him milk said to counteract the experience to give him a placebo which offered him no comfort.  It is wise to have both a male and a female facilitator and multiple people committed to help because an issue may arise requiring one or the other.  In most groups, nobody has a difficult journey – so don’t allow knowing about them to intimidate you from good medicine.  Difficult experiences have purpose.  Experienced facilitators only exist because they were at one time inexperienced facilitators.    

[Thinking from new perspective]

Terrance McKenna claimed that there is a link between human advancements and entheogens. I propose that habitual thought patterns can be identified and altered. Skills of pattern recognition either in sciences or happenings can be aided by mental precepts adopted or abandoned in the past from a consciousness altering experience.

Altered consciousness can be used to intentionally vision or hear a specific solution however we are all at the mercy of experiencing whatever it may be. Letting go and surrendering to the great unknown and gripping only to grace and love channels in a teacher whom you will want to receive from – whatever it is that is on the lesson plan.  Entheogenic plant brews can offer you to see or force you to see from different perspectives – or offer you nothing.

Enormous human advancements have neem credited to the visionary states associated to altered consciousness.  Nobel prize winner Francis Crick attributed the use of psychedelics as a cognitive tool for envisioning the double helix DNA structure. Kary Mullis winning the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with the polymerase chain reaction technique “used plenty of LSD.”  Steve Jobs once stated that experimenting with LSD in the 1960s was “one of the two or three most important things he had done in his life.”  Bill Gates admittedly used LSD in his youth.  John Cunningham Lilly called the most important figure in the field of electronic brain stimulation extensively experimented with LSD and ketamine.  Studies confirm improved pattern perception, and potential cognitive flexibility enhancements from LSD.[86]

[Blockage]

These plant medicine combinations are unusual in the fact that the same sized dose produce different effects depending on physiological state.  If your immune system is fighting off a common cold or if the belly or bowel is overly full this can hinder the experience.  Additionally, a dietary reaction with the Syrian Rue or Caapi can significantly hinder the experience. 

[Creativity]

Numerous studies have made a positive link between entheogens and creativity in problem solving, art, music, and the sciences. [21], [22], [23].  Altered states may facilitate new creative ideas or be a wonderful experience of exploration.  The artist Alex Grey paints from out of body experience.  Here is some digital art that I put together and poetry I wrote inspired by plant medicine.  In the artwork notice neurons interconnecting brains as the shaman exhales a cloud of smoke into a portal of time and space amid scrolls of knowledge in an ancient Egyptian scene of modern science.

[Additional Observations]

Syrian Rue Seed glows extremely bright under a standard UV blacklight, however only when mixed with water. Soak seeds in a glass for a few days, then pour the glass in a slow-moving stream with a blacklight at night to see a long bright fluorescent streak in the water.  Caapi also glows.  Yellow Caapi glows brighter than Red Caapi, and red glows more than Black Caapi.  Urine excreted after metabolizing Rue or Caapi also glows very bright so keep an ultraviolet blacklight handy to check it out.  The pure alkaloids glow, however most brightly when wet.

[Interaction with world systems]

Syrian Rue crosses the line from medicinal into the realm of spiritual, religious, and ritualistic. The fact that ancient Islamic texts make such an extraordinary mention of Syrian Rue causes it to enter an unusual religious category.  Syrian Rue can be used in Ayahuasca preparations.  Ayahuasca has legal committees’ setup such as the Ayahuasca Defense Fund as part of the ICEERS group that use “Freedom of Religion” arguments as defense with an array of cultural historic facts.

Syrian Rue is not a controlled substance in the United States, Europe, or in the Middle East.  In the United States it is classified as a noxious weed in the few dry US States where it could grow and has no regulations in other states.  It does kill livestock that eat it, hence its classification as a noxious weed.  

Syrian Rue cannot be purchased from Amazon or at Walmart – keeping cattle safe.  Save the sheep.

Some in the pharmaceutical industry are aware that Syrian Rue combined with Prozac and possibly other medications causes a serious serotonin syndrome reaction that can be life threatening.  That danger is undoubtedly contributing to its lack of presence in major retailers in the United States.  It is classified as a controlled substance in Canada and sale is regulated in Australia where major retailers also do not sell it.   Many years ago, the FDA made a statement that it is their policy to promote the research of synthetic medicines.  Some synthetic medicine has served humanity well and some has served business well.  The entheogens commonly combined with Syrian Rue are subject to Schedule 1 drug laws which hinders neuroscience research and treatment innovation,[87] leaving need for clinical trials.

[Conclusion]

FDA does not promote Syrian Rue despite the overwhelming evidence of neural health benefits. Promising preclinical evidence suggests that it could be preventative for Alzheimer’s and neurodegeneration.  Evidence also suggests that it could be preventative for cancer because it is a growth inhibitor for cancer.  It can be part of an herbal treatment for depression.  The beta-carbolines in Syrian Rue affects cellular proliferation body-wide.  Evidence suggests it can be used as an approach to create new bone cells or improve osteoporosis conditions and that it could be preventative to such conditions.  Evidence suggests that beta-carboline induced beta cell production could accompany stem cell applications.  Evidence suggests that Syrian Rue can accompany clinical psilocin to increase effectiveness.

Worldviews are subject to change[60], Thomas Jefferson ate tomatoes in public during an era where they were believed to be poisonous due to their relation to the Nightshade family causing public consternation, anxiety and dismay on the path to a new world view.

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